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Validation

Every build is checked against 96 reference calculations.

The WRC 537 engine behind the calculator is recomputed against the same geometry, loads and pressure run in an established commercial pressure-vessel design package (2026 edition). The comparison runs on every change to the code: a result that moves more than 0.3 % from the reference (or past a documented exception, below) fails the build. This page is generated from that comparison, not written by hand.

96

reference cases

86 / 96

within 0.3 % on both checks

0.005 %

median deviation, Pl + Pb + Q

0.68 %

largest deviation, Pl + Pb + Q

By attachment

AttachmentCasesRm/T or ΥPl+Pb+Q median / maxPl median / max
Rectangular clip on a cylinder95.0 – 150.50.005 % / 0.01 %0.003 % / 0.02 %
Round nozzle on a cylinder505.5 – 150.50.003 % / 0.09 %0.007 % / 1.48 %
Round nozzle on a cone1411.8 – 41.80.005 % / 0.68 %0.010 % / 0.96 %
Round nozzle on a formed head235.5 – 11.30.041 % / 0.15 %0.009 % / 0.14 %

Deviations are |engine − reference| / reference on the largest local primary membrane stress (Pl) and the largest combined stress (Pl + Pb + Q) of each table, the two values the acceptance checks use.

What the cases cover

  • Rectangular clips on cylinders, with and without a reinforcing pad, including Rm/T below the chart floor.
  • Round nozzles on cylinders: design pressure, MAWP, hot shut-down (P = 0) and pressure reversed; pad edges; offset (hillside) nozzles.
  • Round nozzles on cones, axis normal to the surface and perpendicular to the vessel axis.
  • Round nozzles on ellipsoidal, torispherical and hemispherical heads, radial, hillside and perpendicular.

Every deviation above 0.3 %, explained

All 25 load-only cases (P = 0) agree to within 0.15 %, so the WRC 537 load-stress core matches. The few larger differences sit in the pressure term, in the ASME VIII-2 Part 4.5 pressure stress intensity factor I:

  • Cylinder pad edge: the reference applies I slightly above 1 at the pad edge; the engine uses I = 1 there (Pl up to 1.5 % lower).
  • Padded offset nozzle: a 1.2 % difference in I (Pl up to 1.1 % lower).
  • Cone nozzle with its axis perpendicular to the vessel axis: I is 1.1 % lower (Pl up to 1 % lower).

No combined-stress (Pl + Pb + Q) difference exceeds 0.68 %.

Checks against the bulletin itself

Beside the reference set, the engine's own test suite checks the parts of WRC 537 that have closed forms: shear V/(π·r₀·T) and torsion Mt/(2π·r₀²·T) at a round attachment, the hoop and longitudinal pressure terms, linearity in the loads, and the symmetry of the moment terms between opposite locations. Each intermediate value — γ, β, every figure read and every stress term — is printed in the calculation trace and the report, so any result can be checked by hand against the bulletin.

What is not validated yet

  • Nozzles on cones use an equivalent cylinder at the local radius. It is an industry approximation, not a bulletin method, and every cone result says so.
  • The diameter-ratio advisories (when WRC 537 stops applying and WRC 297 or FEA should be used) are under engineering review.
  • Inclined nozzles and clips on cones are outside the engine's scope; it refuses them rather than guess.
  • The shell-element FEA tool is in early access and under its own verification; nothing on this page covers it.
All 96 cases
#AttachmentCasePl+Pb+Q ref.engineΔPl ref.engineΔ
V01Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 lug edge P=3.712234.3234.30.002 %124.9124.9-0.003 %
V02Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 lug edge P=0.7789189.6189.60.006 %129.5129.50.002 %
V03Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 lug edge P=20.9464522.0522.10.001 %192.0192.00.002 %
V04Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 lug edge P=7.5192133.2133.2-0.006 %120.6120.60.004 %
V05Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 lug edge P=7.5192132.5132.5-0.005 %115.5115.5-0.006 %
V06Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 pad edge P=7.5192133.5133.5-0.006 %116.4116.4-0.002 %
V07Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 lug edge P=7.5192132.5132.5-0.005 %115.5115.5-0.006 %
V08Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 pad edge P=7.5192133.5133.5-0.006 %116.4116.4-0.002 %
V09Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=1238.3238.3-0.001 %119.6119.60.016 %
V10Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=2.0802263.9263.90.002 %207.0207.00.010 %
V11Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) pad edge P=1182.4182.4-0.001 %53.5753.34-0.422 %
V12Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) nozzle OD P=196.2796.270.001 %65.4965.49-0.001 %
V13Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) pad edge P=3.9243248.0248.0-0.002 %119.2117.4-1.478 %
V14Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) nozzle OD P=3.9243221.8221.80.001 %207.0207.00.004 %
V15Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) pad edge P=0.5161.6161.60.001 %93.5893.57-0.009 %
V16Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=0.5119.9119.9-0.004 %78.4978.490.001 %
V17Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) pad edge P=0.9163224.0224.0-0.002 %156.0156.0-0.002 %
V18Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=0.9163182.1182.1-0.003 %140.4140.4-0.003 %
V19Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) nozzle OD P=0.5258.8258.7-0.006 %135.9135.9-0.002 %
V20Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) nozzle OD P=0.7789320.6320.60.002 %199.0199.00.001 %
V21Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=0.1115.3115.30.008 %29.6829.67-0.028 %
V22Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=18.0634246.2245.9-0.091 %189.3189.0-0.123 %
V23Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) pad edge P=143.9343.930.000 %22.6222.620.006 %
V24Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=142.3842.38-0.003 %24.9024.900.005 %
V25Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) pad edge P=7.855146.5146.50.003 %125.4125.40.005 %
V26Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=7.855182.2182.20.002 %165.8165.80.004 %
V27Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #10 (N10) nozzle OD P=1202.6202.70.033 %114.0114.10.061 %
V28Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #10 (N10) nozzle OD P=2.0977294.1294.20.054 %207.0207.10.075 %
V29Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #11 (N11) nozzle OD P=1197.0197.00.002 %107.8107.80.007 %
V30Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #11 (N11) nozzle OD P=2.2622294.1294.10.002 %207.0207.00.003 %
V31Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #12 (N12) nozzle OD P=1189.2189.2-0.003 %91.0691.060.003 %
V32Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #12 (N12) nozzle OD P=2.7272285.1285.1-0.001 %197.8197.8-0.001 %
V33Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #6 (N6) (cone) pad edge P=162.6362.630.004 %36.7736.770.004 %
V34Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #6 (N6) (cone) nozzle OD P=143.2043.20-0.003 %34.2734.270.004 %
V35Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #6 (N6) (cone) pad edge P=4.1826154.8154.8-0.003 %129.0129.0-0.005 %
V36Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #6 (N6) (cone) nozzle OD P=4.1826140.3140.3-0.002 %132.5132.5-0.002 %
V37Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #7 (N7) (cone) nozzle OD P=1184.9184.2-0.406 %101.4100.6-0.823 %
V38Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #7 (N7) (cone) nozzle OD P=2.391288.3286.3-0.680 %207.0205.0-0.956 %
V39Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #8 (N8) (cone) nozzle OD P=1195.6195.6-0.005 %117.7117.6-0.009 %
V40Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #8 (N8) (cone) nozzle OD P=1.9582284.0284.00.001 %207.0207.00.004 %
V41Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #9 (N9) (cone) nozzle OD P=1187.5186.7-0.417 %103.4102.6-0.838 %
V42Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #9 (N9) (cone) nozzle OD P=2.325289.0287.0-0.683 %207.0205.0-0.961 %
V43Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) (head) nozzle OD P=1174.9174.90.009 %90.0590.050.002 %
V44Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) (head) nozzle OD P=2.988291.8291.80.007 %207.0207.00.008 %
V45Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) (head) nozzle OD P=1245.1245.1-0.011 %122.5122.5-0.002 %
V46Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) (head) nozzle OD P=1.5619303.9303.9-0.008 %181.4181.40.005 %
V47Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) (head) nozzle OD P=1127.2127.0-0.086 %61.2961.26-0.045 %
V48Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) (head) nozzle OD P=2.4731205.2205.0-0.073 %139.3139.2-0.049 %
V49Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #2 (N2) (head) nozzle OD P=1125.8125.7-0.075 %59.9059.90-0.004 %
V50Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #2 (N2) (head) nozzle OD P=2.7427215.6215.5-0.039 %149.8149.7-0.002 %
V51Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #3 (N3) (head) nozzle OD P=1147.2147.1-0.064 %81.3381.33-0.003 %
V52Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #3 (N3) (head) nozzle OD P=2.2947241.7241.6-0.041 %175.8175.8-0.009 %
V53Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #4 (N4) (head) nozzle OD P=1127.5127.4-0.070 %61.6061.600.004 %
V54Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #4 (N4) (head) nozzle OD P=2.7145218.8218.7-0.041 %152.9152.9-0.006 %
V55Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #5 (N5) (head) pad edge P=143.8743.85-0.045 %33.8533.85-0.010 %
V56Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #5 (N5) (head) nozzle OD P=146.9947.010.034 %35.6835.68-0.008 %
V57Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #5 (N5) (head) pad edge P=4.5847151.9151.9-0.014 %141.9141.9-0.010 %
V58Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #5 (N5) (head) nozzle OD P=4.5847169.6169.60.006 %158.3158.3-0.005 %
V59Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)215.3215.3-0.003 %56.1356.130.003 %
V60Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)160.0160.0-0.000 %42.0942.090.005 %
V61Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)86.8386.83-0.002 %18.5718.57-0.014 %
V62Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)194.1194.1-0.003 %22.6922.69-0.010 %
V63Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)114.8114.80.010 %28.7828.780.020 %
V64Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)29.1429.140.010 %7.627.620.030 %
V65Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)116.0116.00.011 %31.2131.220.027 %
V66Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)140.4140.4-0.022 %17.8417.850.010 %
V67Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #1 (N1) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)74.2174.12-0.121 %8.348.34-0.035 %
V68Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #2 (N2) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)74.2174.12-0.121 %8.348.34-0.035 %
V69Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #3 (N3) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)74.2174.12-0.121 %8.348.34-0.035 %
V70Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #4 (N4) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)74.2174.12-0.121 %8.348.34-0.035 %
V71Round nozzle on a formed headNozzle #5 (N5) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)13.7213.70-0.153 %3.703.70-0.145 %
V72Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #10 (N10) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)147.2147.20.005 %29.2729.280.009 %
V73Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #11 (N11) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)147.2147.20.005 %29.2729.280.009 %
V74Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #12 (N12) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)147.2147.20.005 %29.2729.280.009 %
V75Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #6 (N6) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)33.8333.83-0.007 %8.298.29-0.026 %
V76Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #7 (N7) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)140.7140.7-0.005 %25.5525.550.011 %
V77Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #8 (N8) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)132.2132.20.000 %24.3924.38-0.024 %
V78Round nozzle on a coneNozzle #9 (N9) Hot Shut Down P=0 (governing edge)141.9141.90.001 %25.2725.270.002 %
V79Rectangular clip on a cylinderClip #1 lug edge P=2.167 (Rm/t 4.5 < 5)25.2325.240.004 %11.5111.510.023 %
V80Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=0.6895 [I as radial as the reference does]151.4151.40.002 %64.5664.570.005 %
V81Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) nozzle OD P=3.6464 (MAWP) [I as radial as the reference does]264.4264.40.004 %193.5193.50.005 %
V82Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) Hot Shut Down P=0135.9135.9-0.000 %34.5034.500.001 %
V83Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) Pr reversed P=0.6895 [I as radial as the reference does]132.9132.9-0.001 %58.0058.000.008 %
V84Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) Pr reversed Hot Shut Down P=0134.4134.40.003 %34.5034.500.001 %
V85Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #1 (N1) Pr reversed P=3.6464 (MAWP) [I as radial as the reference does]238.9238.90.008 %186.9186.90.006 %
V86Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) pad edge P=0.689541.5441.540.000 %20.8420.840.007 %
V87Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) nozzle OD P=0.689556.8556.84-0.011 %26.6226.43-0.719 %
V88Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) pad edge P=5.5844 (MAWP)151.6151.60.002 %131.0131.0-0.003 %
V89Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) nozzle OD P=5.5844 (MAWP)166.0166.0-0.005 %141.5140.0-1.094 %
V90Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) Hot Shut Down P=041.8841.88-0.005 %10.4410.44-0.023 %
V91Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) Pr reversed P=0.689549.3549.34-0.003 %24.5124.33-0.753 %
V92Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) Pr reversed Hot Shut Down P=040.8740.86-0.006 %10.4410.44-0.023 %
V93Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #2 (N2) Pr reversed P=5.5844 (MAWP)159.0159.0-0.004 %139.4137.9-1.105 %
V94Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #3 (N3) nozzle OD P=0.6895 [I as radial as the reference does]173.9173.90.002 %72.2272.230.006 %
V95Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #3 (N3) nozzle OD P=2.3022 (MAWP) [I as radial as the reference does]260.3260.3-0.001 %172.7172.7-0.001 %
V96Round nozzle on a cylinderNozzle #3 (N3) Hot Shut Down P=0147.2147.20.005 %29.2729.280.009 %

Stresses in MPa. P in each case label is the internal pressure in MPa.

Have a reference calculation of your own? Send it and we will run it through the engine and send you the comparison.